Javan Rhino Expedition June 2022 – Royle Safaris

Back in June 2022 Royle Safaris ran our first Javan Rhino Expedition since the covid-19 pandemic and it was a great trip, we didnt see any rhinos due to weather issues and also some unfortunate illegal fishing which happened in the best area for rhinos and they are very sensitive to disturbance. However many other species were seen and tracks and evidence of some of the world’s remaining 74 Javan Rhinos were seen throughout the trip.

The trip was guided by the world renowned zoologist Vladimir Dinets and below is his day by day summary of the trip and sightings log to follow.

Overview

With only five species of rhinos in the world you would think that everyone would know about all five, there are not that many (in fact to our knowledge Royle Safaris helped perhaps the only person alive today to have seen all five when we had a Sumatran rhino sighting back in May 2022). The reason being that there are two rhino species that largely go unnoticed in the general wildlife watching industry worldwide. Royle Safaris wants to change that and highlight the two rarer species which inhabit the forests of Indonesia.

When most people think of rhinos they are invariably thinking of the black and white rhinos of the African continent, but head much further east (and past the haunt of the Indian one-horned rhino) and you reach the lush, tropical forests of Sumatra, Kalimantan and Java. Here the two poorest known of the 5 rhinos are found. This tour is focused on just one of these two, the critically endangered Javan Rhino. This animal has the dubious honour of being the most endangered large mammal in the world, with just 67 recognised individuals known to exist (well that was before one was found dead – from old age (horn still intact) in 2018). They are all confined to the far western tip of Java and one protected forest, Ujung Kulon National Park.

The park itself is a wonderful, pristine forest full of some of the last large mammals to inhabit the island, the rhinos, banteng, leopards, fishing cats to name a few. It was here that the Javan tiger hung on the most and it is here that the Javan rhino is making its last stand. The park is thick and densely vegetated, thorny rattan grows everywhere and the trees make seeing just 3m in front of you near impossible. But there are a handful of rivers that cut across this forest and it is these channels of treelessness that open up the world of the Javan rhino for us to see. That is with a large side of luck of course.

So as Indonesia finally opened for tourism in March of 2022, the twice-delayed Javan Rhino Expedition to Ujung Kulon National Park could finally happen. Ujung Kulon, a peninsula in western Java, is the only place where Javan rhino, once widespread from India and China to Bali, still occurs, thanks in part to the area’s human population having been killed off by the Krakatau eruption of 1883. The rhino population is slowly growing and is now over 70.

Unfortunately, despite spending most of the time at the most reliable site for the rhinos, we didn’t see any. We don’t know what caused the unexpected change in rhinos’ distribution within the park but think the most likely explanation was the unusual weather. The dry season of 2022 didn’t really happen; the weather was unusually cool and rainy, making it unnecessary for rhinos to concentrate along rivers. Although the rhinos were not seen, we saw lots of other wildlife, including some animals that are virtually impossible to see outside Ujung Kulon, such as West Javan ebony langur, the extremely rare Javan giant mastiff bat, Javan leopard, Javan warty pig, Javan mouse deer, Javan banteng, and Javan rhinoceros hornbill; in total we recorded over 50 species of mammals and ~100 species of birds.

The expedition was physically demanding due to frequent rainstorms which turned trails into mud, made rivers flood and filled them with constantly shifting logjams that had to be cleared by hand, but all participants did well. Fortunately, there are no terrestrial leaches in Ujung Kulon (they are abundant in similar habitats in Sumatra and are present in Javan mountains). There were very few ticks and chiggers, mosquitoes were an issue only in some places, while no-see-ums were active only at certain times of day (around noon along rivers and at night at beaches).

2023 Javan Rhino Expeditons

We have 4 expeditions planned for 2023, if anyone is interested we have 1 places available on our 1-10 June 2023 trip, and 3 on our 2-12 August 2023 trip. Our July 2023 is fully booked. Please contact us on martin@royle-safaris.co.uk for more information on these trips.

Day 1 Jakarta / Ujung Kulon National Park Travelling & Trekking

All of us spent the previous night in the same hotel near Jakarta Airport, so it was easy to assemble in the morning and get an early start.

By 05:00 we were on the road, enjoyed views of Krakatau Volcano (dormant at the time), transferred to a boat at 09:00, and, despite unusually rough seas, reached Ujung Kulon by 13:00, having seen Christmas Island frigatebirds and a few species of terns along the way.

We had to wait out a thunderstorm, then found that the first section of the trail – normally the easiest one – had been turned into a river of deep mud by recent Park construction work and heavy rainfall. This trail was particularly challenging to our porters carrying the inflatable boat. After we crossed the peninsula from its northern to its southern shore, the going was easy; after a few hours of walking through coastal rainforest we continued along the beach. On the way we saw our first West Javan ebony langurs, a common pencil-tailed tree mouse, common woolly bats, a brown tube-nosed bat, and many animal tracks (of pigs, civets, banteng, etc.).

By 21:00 we reached the camp near the mouth of the river where most rhino sightings usually take place, and found the dinner cooking and the camp being set up.

Day 2 Ujung Kulon National Park Trekking & Rhino Spotting

We spent the morning exploring the camp area. The camp is surrounded by primary forest and palm thickets where many mammals such as crab-eating macaque, Sumatran palm civet, Sunda black-banded squirrel, black giant squirrel, and Malayan wood rat can be found. Birding is also good if you are patient: mixed-species flocks move through the forest a few times a day, and you can sometimes hear banded pitta calling from the slope above the tents. Three species of flying dragons are easy to see in the camp and along the trails. At the riverbank there is a whole menagerie of colorful crabs, glittering skinks, funny mudskippers, and green spotted pufferfishes – probably the cutest freshwater fish in the world. Small estuarine crocodiles and water monitors patrol the area, but while the monitors are very tame, the crocs are paranoidally shy.

The endless beach is just a few minutes away and you can bathe in the ocean, although swimming out into the surf is not recommended. Watch for beach thick-knees and Javan plovers on the beach. Coastal dunes are grazed by banteng at night, and twice we saw Horsefield’s bushlarks there –birds once common on Java but not recorded in recent years due to trapping for cagebird trade. Lesser short-nosed fruit bats roost in large pandanus trees along the edge of the forest; there are many tracks of Javan porcupine and Sumatran palm civet on the beach. Malayan wood rats forage among flotsam at night. You can use the boat to cross the river and explore the swampy meadow on the other side, frequented by banteng and blue-breasted quail. Within easy walking distance is a small hill where two species of deer (Javan deer and southern red muntjac) graze at night and acuminate horseshoe bats spin in their arboreal ambushes; if you climb to the top you can see an ancient cycad tree, watch changeable hawk-eagles circle overhead, search for tiny frogs and snakes in the leaf litter, and sometimes get cell phone reception.

In the evening we made our first boat trip up the river; these trips were our primary occupation in subsequent days.

Days 3-6 Ujung Kulon National Park Rhino Spotting

Every day we made two boat trips. In the morning we headed upstream before dawn, reaching as far as logjams would allow just before sunrise, and slowly returning to the camp. In the evening we would go upstream before sunset and return in the dark. The river is very scenic. Its lowest reaches are lined with water palm, an ancient tree which is very beautiful but, as we discovered, has warm fruit and hot flowers – a constant nuisance when looking for animals using a thermal scope. Higher up the river meanders through lowland rainforest, with a few tiny meadows on the banks – normally good places to look for feeding rhinos. Unfortunately, there was no sign of recent rhino presence in the area.

On the first trip we found one old trackway descending to the river which we first thought had been made by a rhino but was more likely just banteng tracks. We saw lots of other wildlife, such as Javan mouse deer, Javan warty pig, Sumatran palm civet, small-toothed civet, Indomalayan maxomys (red adults and black subadults), arboreal niviventer, Indomalayan pencil-tailed tree mouse, Sunda leopard cat, numerous troops of long-tailed macaques and West Javan ebony langurs, one group of Javan surili (a langur very rare in lowland parts of Ujung Kulong), and, on one exciting occasion, a Javan leopard stalking macaques (unfortunately, seen almost only through thermal scopes – we nearly flipped the boat trying to get a better view).

At dusk we had an excellent opportunity to practice bat identification, as numerous species swarmed over the river and we could see them well in flight and identify using bat detectors. One of the tributaries was particularly good for bats, with Sulawesi and intermediate horseshoe bats, Sumatran greater and lesser bamboo bats, Javan pipistrelles, and medium bentwings being common and painted woolly bat seen once. We also saw a few large, long-eared freetail bats there that could only be the enigmatic Java giant mastiff bats (known from four specimens) their echolocation signals were similar in frequency and length to those of closely related Wroughton’s giant mastiff bat from mainland Asia. In the lower reaches of the river, gray large-footed and lesser large-footed myotis could often be seen fishing. In addition to large flying foxes often flying overhead, we saw one of them feeding in a fruiting tree, and photographed other fruit bats roosting and feeding in riverside trees: Indonesian fruit bats (strangely, abundant only on one night), minute fruit bats, and once a tiny dagger-toothed fruit bat with a baby. Birding along the river was also good: Oriental pied hornbills were particularly common, and we found many sleeping stork-billed, blue-eared, and Oriental dwarf kingfishers after dark.

Sometimes our thermal scopes picked up snakes in trees over water, warm after a day of basking in the sun. One juvenile reticulated python even fell into our boat, to everybody’s amusement. Luminescent mushrooms brightly glowing on palm fronds above the water were a special treat.

Day 7 Ujung Kulon National Park Trekking & Wildlife Watching

Since there were no rhinos in the area, we decided to hike across the peninsula and try looking for them along a river on the northern side. The trek proved more difficult than anyone expected: many parts of the trail were very muddy because of relentless rains and trampling by deer, pigs and particularly banteng; crossing numerous streams was also a challenge.

It took us 7 hours on the first day and 6 hours on the second day to cover about 10 km. We didn’t see much wildlife on the first day, even though our camp in the headwaters of the river was in excellent primary forest, inhabited by great woolly horseshoe bats, least pipistrelles, and common woolly bats.

Day 8 Ujung Kulon National Park Trekking & Rhino Spotting

It was raining almost all night, but two hours before dawn the rain stopped, we got going and saw a lot of wildlife before first light: a few Javan mouse deer, a Sunda leopard cat, a small Indian civet, and a sleeping banded pitta. We also found Javan rhino tracks in one place, although they didn’t look particularly fresh, and very fresh leopard tracks near the river in an area with lots of signs of pigs foraging.

We finally reached the camp at the river mouth at 10:00, and were greeted by a sizeable estuarine crocodile floating offshore. This coast has almost no surf, but swimming in the sea requires caution. Near the camp is a small patch of mangroves where plaintain squirrels live, a beach lined by forest where we found a small-toothed civet and a Javan slow loris at night, and a large meadow with a watchtower. Rhinos are sometimes seen from the tower, but although we checked it all the time and even spent nights there, the only mammals seen in the meadow were banteng (up to 22 at a time); there were also nice birds such as green peafowl, red junglefowl, blue-bellied bee-eaters, large-billed nightjars, wreathed and rhinoceros hornbills, and crested treeswifts. At night there were rousettes, lesser Asiatic yellow bats, and Javan slit-faced bats feeding over the meadow in the moonlight, while clear-winged wooly bats were flying along the beach. The tower and the camp were inhabited by huge tokay geckos.

Day 9 Ujung Kulon National Park Rhino Spotting

It was our only full day at the second river; we made two boat trips on the previous day and one on the next day. This river had few water palms, but the navigable part was shorter and in the upper part the banks were too high for good viewing. It was better for birding, but we saw only a few mammals: Javan mouse deer, long-tailed macaques, West Javan ebony langurs, a bukit niviventer, a long-tailed giant rat, and twice spotted giant flying squirrels – an unexpected find since on Java they are mostly highland dwellers.

Bat fauna along the river was different here and included hill fruit bat and Cantor’s leaf-nosed bat. In the afternoon we made a trip to a rhino wallow within short walking distance of one of the river’s tributaries, and found two Javan rhino trackways, signs of browsing, and some old dung, but nothing fresh.

If we had more time, we would probably make a small wooden platform there (the wallow is in a very muddy area) and set up a tent as a blind, but it would have to stay there for at least a week before being used. On the river itself we saw only one rhino trackway, also at least a couple days old.

Day 10 Ujung Kulon NP / Jakarta Wildlife Watching & Travelling

After the last river trip we got into a motorboat; while our camp was being packed away we made a side trip to Peucang Island – a nice camping area with tame long-tailed macaques, Javan rusa and pigs (we didn’t see the latter), plus a few lesser sheathtails roosting in certain trees and logs in the forest.

Then we loaded everything into the boat, made a quick stop at Handeleum Island (similar to the previous one but with lesser false-vampires roosting in one of the buildings), and left the park. This time the sea crossing was smooth, and we got to our hotel by 20:00.

Species List Javan Rhino Expedition Jun 2022

Mammals (* = heard or signs only)

	Common Name	Binominal Name	Comments on Sightings & ID’s Abbreviations: C1 camp on the south shore, C2 inland camp, C3 camp on the north shore, HI Handeleum island, PI Peukang Island, R1 first river, R2 second river, RW rhino wallow near R2, T1 trek to C1, T2 trek to C2, T3 trek to C3).
	Common Name	Binominal Name
1	Small-toothed palm civet	Arctogalidia trivirgata trilineata	Only two seen (at R1 and C3), both with normal coloration rather than golden seen in nearby highlands.
2	Banteng	Bos javanicus javanicus	Tracks abundant on T2 and T3 and around C1, but animals seen only at C3 and (with thermal scopes) near C1.
3	Black-striped squirrel	Callosciurus nigrovittatus nigrovittatus	Common at C1.
4	Plantain squirrel	Callosciurus notatus notatus	Never seen well at C1, but a few present near C3; IDed by belly color [1].
5	Common pencil-tailed tree mouse	Chiropodomys gliroides	One seen by TC at C1, another by all at R1.
6	Lesser short-nosed fruit bat	Cynopterus brachyotis javanicus	Two photographed feeding on R1; likely the same sp. seen roosting in pandanus trees at the edge of the beach near C1; identified by notched ears and much lighter coloration than C. sphinx, which is very dark on Java.
7	Minute fruit bat	Cynopterus minutus	Seen feeding and photographed at R1; obviously smaller than other Cynopterus, ears not notched.
8	Indonesian fruit bat	Cynopterus titthaecheilus titthaecheilus	Many seen on one night at R1; photographed; ears not notched; paler and less reddish than C. horsefieldii.
9	Lesser sheathtail	Emballonura monticola	Roost in two nearby dead trees at PI.
10	Cantor’s leaf-nosed bat	Hipposideros galeritus longicauda	Mid-size bats flying over R2 and producing typical Hipposideros calls with CF component at ~110 kHz [1].
11	Sunda porcupine *	Hystrix javanica *	Tracks only (in coastal dunes near C1).
12	Common woolly bat	Kerivoula hardwickii	Tiny brown bats flying along trails on T1 and at C2; sonogram at C2 matched the one in [2].
13	Clear-winged woolly bat	Kerivoula pellucida	A few seen over the beach at C3; IDed by tiny size and translucent wings.
14	Painted woolly bat	Kerivoula picta picta	1 seen at dusk over R1; IDed by small size and unique color pattern.
15	Long-tailed giant rat	Leopoldamys sabanus sabanus	1 seen briefly by VD on R1, another seen better by AM on R2; ID uncertain.
16	Long-tailed macaque	Macaca fascicularis fascicularis	Abundant on both rivers and near C1; also seen on T3.
17	Dagger-toothed fruit bat	Macroglossus minimus minimus	2 seen at R1, one of them well photographed.
18	Hill fruit bat	Macroglossus sobrinus sobrinus	1 at R2 feeding (seen through thermal scope) then flying (seen w/out scope), ID mostly by size so uncertain.
19	Indomalayan maxomys	Maxomys surifer ravus	Common at R1 in mangrove palm zone, with both red adults and grey subadults [3] seen; 1 adult seen at R2.
20	Lesser false-vampire	Megaderma spasma trifolium	Roost in a building at HI.
21	Large bentwing	Miniopterus magnater	Abundant at R1; small long-winged bats with direct flight; sonogram typical for the genus, peak freq. 60 kHz [1].
22	Medium bentwing	Miniopterus medius	Frequently recorded together with the previous species; peak frequency 47 kHz [1].
23	Southern red muntjac	Muntiacus muntjak	1 seen and heard by VD on a hill near C1; tracks seen on T2.
24	Brown tube-nosed bat	Murina suilla suilla	1 seen on T1, ID by slow, moth-like flight through dense tangles, typical for the genus; the only Murina on Java.
25	Gray large-footed myotis	Myotis adversus adversus	The larger of 2 spp. seen trawling on R1; few seen just above C1; sonogram matches those in [4].
26	Lesser large-footed myotis	Myotis hasseltii hasseltii	The smaller of 2 spp. seen trawling on R1; FM calls with peak frequency 40 kHz [1].
27	Bukit niviventer	Niviventer bukit	Only 1 seen well on R2; smaller than the following species, brown without rufous or orangish [1].
28	Arboreal niviventer	Niviventer cremoriventer	A couple seen on R1; probably common but shyer than Maxomys; smaller, more slender and longer-tailed [1].
29	Javan slow loris	Nycticebus javanicus	1 seen at C3 in the forest at the far end of the beach.
30	Javan giant mastiff bat	Otomops formosus	See notes below.
31	Leopard	Panthera pardus melas	1 seen with thermal scopes at R1 where it was apparently stalking sleeping macaques (seen well enough to ID only by VD, who also saw rosettes with flashlight); fresh tracks on T3 (at 2 locations) & near RW.
32	Sumatran palm civet	Paradoxurus musangus	Common on R1 and around C1, 2 seen on R2, many tracks on beaches apparently of this species.
33	Giant flying squirrel	Petaurista cf. petaurista	See notes below.
34	Javan pipistrelle	Pipistrellus javanicus javanicus	Small bats with erratic flight abundant on R1; FM/QCF calls with peak frequency 42 kHz [1].
35	Least pipistrelle	Pipistrellus tenuis sewelanus	Tiny bats with erratic flight seen around C2; FM/QCF calls with peak frequency 35 kHz [1].
36	Javan surili	Presbytis comata	Only one group seen on R1; according to Olaf rare in lowlands but common in highland parts of the park.
37	Sunda leopard cat	Prionailurus javanensis javanensis	2 seen at R1 and 1 on T3.
38	Large flying fox	Pteropus vampyrus vampyrus	Many seen in flight over R1 and elsewhere; 1 seen and photographed feeding at R1.
39	Malaysian wood rat	Rattus tiomanicus	1 seen up close in C1; one found dead on T1; likely the same sp. seen by AM and PD on the beach near C1.
40	Black giant squirrel	Ratufa bicolor bicolor	A few seen at C1 and elsewhere.
41	Javan Rhinoceros*	Rhinoceros sondaicus*	Tracks and sign only: old tracks seen on T3, fresh tracks, old dung and browsing sign around RW.
42	Intermediate horseshoe bat	Rhinolophus affinus affinus	Mid-sized bats seen above R1; IDed from sonograms by Nils Bouillard (pers. comm.).
43	Great woolly horseshoe bat	Rhinolophus luctus luctus	1 seen well at night roost near C2 by VD; IDed by large size and woolly pelage.
44	Rousette	Rousettus sp.	A few seen above the meadow at C3; ID by size and audible clicks.
45	Javan deer	Rusa timorensis russa	Numerous tracks seen on a hill near C1 (where also heard by VD), on T2 & T3; habituated animals on PI & HI.
46	Lesser Asiatic yellow bat	Scotophilus kuhlii	Many seen in flight around C3; 1 photographed in flight by AM.
47	Javan warty pig	Sus verrucosus verrucosus	1 seen at R1; we didn’t see it well enough, but Mita got better look at the head and was certain about ID. According to him & Olaf S. scrofa is less common in that part of the park but I couldn’t confirm this from literature.
48	West Javan ebony langur	Trachypithecus mauritius	Abundant on R1 and R2; groups also seen on T1 and T3.
49	Javan mousedeer	Tragulus javanicus	1 seen at R1 and 3-4 on T3; might be split into red-necked and dark-red taxa (Marcus Chua pers. comm.), but we were unaware of that and didn’t notice the neck color; I think the 1^st one didn’t have dark neck but not sure.
50	Lesser bamboo bat	Tylonycteris pachypus pachypus	Tiny bats seen or R1 emerging from clumps of bamboo; sonogram matches those in [5].
51	Sumatran greater bamboo bat	Tylonycteris robustula	Seen together with previous sp.; sonogram matches those in [5].
52	Small Indian civet	Viverricula indica muriavensis	1 seen on T3.

*Some bats identified 100% at roosts or with good views. Others identified with spectrograms in combination with sightings (no spectrograms without visual confirmation are recorded), behaviour and habitat – so not 100% but best educated guesses. For more information please email me.

Notes:

Javan giant mastiff bat: At the first river we saw large freetail bats with visibly protruding ears flying over the river soon after sunset on two consecutive evenings. On the first evening they were seen twice and could be one or two individuals; on the second evening there was only one sighting and a sonogram was obtained. Four species of freetails are known from Java, but three of them (Chaerephon plicatus, Mops mops and Cheiromeles torquatus) have short ears and roost in caves; the first two also roost in buildings but are not large. There are no caves or buildings in that part of the park, so seeing the bats so early in the evening suggests that they roosted in the forest nearby (although this is not certain because freetail bats are very fast flyers). The only large, long-eared freetail bat recorded from Java is Javan giant mastiff bat (Otomops formosus), known from four males collected in Bogor area; two of them were found in 1939 in a bird nest at 400 m and two in 1990 in a tree hollow at 1450 milliseconds. The sonogram has narrowband FM calls at ~20 kHz, 20-50 milliseconds long with intervals of 0.2-0.4 sec. This doesn’t match the published parameters of the calls of the other three Javan freetails, but is similar to the calls of O. wroughghtoni, a closely related species from mainland Asia. Unfortunately, freetail calls are notoriously variable in duration and frequency so they alone cannot be used for species identification. The habitat along the river is a mosaic of primary forest, palm forest, overgrown openings and bamboo patches. Many species of freetails are high-altitude foragers and are notoriously difficult to collect except at roosts, which is why many species are poorly known. Javan ones are no exception: Mops mops has been documented from the island only very recently (Carlos Bocos pers. comm.). Hopefully future bat researchers working in the park will be alert to the possibility of encountering O. formosus there.

Giant flying squirrel: We observed it on two consecutive nights on the second river a short distance upstream from the camp, in the crowns of emergent trees in secondary forest; likely but not certainly it was the same animal. AM managed to obtain a few photos. The animal was large, solid black with black face and tail and red underparts. Two species of giant flying squirrels are currently known from Java, with virtually all records from higher elevations: spotted (Petaurista elegans) and red (P. petaurista). The former is smaller, white-grizzled or white-spotted above. The latter is red with black tail tip (P. p. petaurista, described from Mt. Gede in W Java), rufous with black tail tip (P. p. interceptio, described from Mt. Ciremai in WC Java), or rufous with black tail (R. r. nigricaudata, described from E Java). An animal photographed by Jon Hall on Mt. Halimun was dark with red underparts, red face, and rufous tail with black tip. Red giant flying squirrel is generally suspected to be a species complex, but there are few if any specimens from Java in collections, so figuring out how many species are present on the island is difficult (Mohd Nur Arifuddin pers. comm.). In any case, the animal we saw almost certainly represented an undescribed taxon.

Literature cited:

[1] Wilson, D. E., Mittermeier, R. A., Lacher, T. E. (Eds.). (2009-2020). Handbook of Mammals of the World. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.

[2] Douangboubpha, B., Bumrungsri, S., Satasook, C., Wanna, W., Soisook, P., & Bates, P. J. (2016). Morphology, genetics and echolocation calls of the genus Kerivoula (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae: Kerivoulinae) in Thailand. Mammalia, 80(1), 21-47.

[3] Phillipps, Q., and Phllipps, K. (2016). Phillipps’ Field Guide to Mammals of Borneo and Their Ecology. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton.

[4] Jones, G., & Rayner, J. M. V. (1991). Flight performance, foraging tactics and echolocation in the trawling insectivorous bat Myotis adversus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Journal of Zoology, 225(3), 393-412.

[5] Zhang, L., Liang, B., Parsons, S., Wei, L., & Zhang, S. (2007). Morphology, echolocation and foraging behaviour in two sympatric sibling species of bat (Tylonycteris pachypus and Tylonycteris robustula) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Journal of Zoology, 271(3), 344-351.

Birds (* = heard or signs only)

	Common Name	Binominal Name
	Common Name	Binominal Name
1	Crested Goshawk	Accipiter trivirgatus
2	Common Iora	Aegithina tiphia
3	Black-nest Swiftlet	Aerodramus maximus
4	Mossy-nest Swiftlet	Aerodramus salangana
5	White-nest Swiftlet	Aerodramus. fuciphagus
6	Crimson Sunbird	Aethopyga siparaja
7	Blue-eared Kingfisher	Alcedo meninting
8	Oriental Pied-Hornbill	Anthracoceros albirostris
9	Brown-throated Sunbird	Anthreptes malacensis
10	Paddyfield Pipit	Anthus rufulus
11	Asian Glossy Starling	Aplonis panayensis
12	Little Spiderhunter	Arachnothera longirostra
13	Purple Heron	Ardea purpurea
14	Great-billed Heron	Ardea sumatrana
15	Javan Pond-Heron	Ardeola speciosa
16	Black-headed Bulbul	Brachypodius melanocephalos
17	Cattle Egret	Bubulcus ibis
18	Rhinoceros Hornbill	Buceros rhinoceros
19	Striated Heron	Butorides striata
20	Savanna Nightjar	Caprimulgus affinis
21	Large-billed Crow	Caprimulgus macrorhynchos
22	Large-tailed Nightjar	Caprimulgus macrurus
23	Lesser Coucal	Centropus bengalensis
24	Rufous-backed Dwarf-Kingfisher	Ceyx rufidorsa
25	Ruby-cheeked Sunbird	Chalcoparia singalensis
26	Asian Emerald Dove	Chalcophaps indica
27	Javan Plover	Charadrius javanicus
28	Olive-backed Sunbird	Cinnyris jugularis
29	Cave Swiftlet	Collocalia linchi
30	Oriental Magpie-Robin	Copsychus saularis
31	Slender-billed Crow	Corvus enca
32	Racket-tailed Treepie	Crypsirina temia
33	Gray-headed Canary-Flycatcher	Culicicapa ceylonensis
34	Fulvous-chested Jungle-Flycatcher	Cyornis olivaceus
35	Asian Palm-Swift	Cypsiurus balasiensis
36	Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker	Dicaeum trochileum
37	Hair-crested Drongo	Dicrurus hottentottus
38	Dark-backed Imperial-Pigeon	Dicrurus lacernulata
39	Black Drongo	Dicrurus macrocercus
40	Greater Racket-tailed Drongo	Dicrurus paradiseus
41	Lesser Racket-tailed Drongo	Dicrurus remifer
42	Pied Imperial-Pigeon	Ducula bicolor
43	Gray Imperial-Pigeon	Ducula pickeringii
44	Pacific Reef-Heron	Egretta sacra
45	Pin-tailed Parrotfinch	Erythrura prasina
46	Beach Thick-knee	Esacus magnirostris
47	Dollarbird	Eurystomus orientalis
48	Christmas Island Frigatebird	Fregata andrewsi
49	Red Junglefowl	Gallus gallus
50	Golden-bellied Gerygone	Gerygone sulphurea
51	White-bellied Sea-Eagle	Haliaeetus leucogaster
52	Orange-breasted Trogon	Harpactes oreskios
53	Gray-rumped Treeswift	Hemiprocne longipennis
54	Black-winged Flycatcher-shrike	Hemipus hirundinaceus
55	Brown-backed Needletail	Hirundapus giganteus
56	Pacific Swallow	Hirundo tahitica
57	Waterfall Swift	Hydrochous gigas
58	Javan Banded-Pitta	Hydrornis guajanus
59	Pied Triller	Lalage nigra
60	White-shouldered Triller	Lalage sueurii
61	Van Hasselt’s Sunbird	Leptocoma brasiliana
62	Copper-throated Sunbird	Leptocoma calcostetha
63	White-headed Munia	Lonchura maja
64	Yellow-throated Hanging-Parrot	Loriculus pusillus
65	Ruddy Cuckoo-Dove	Macropygia emiliana
66	Barred Cuckoo-Dove	Macropygia unchall
67	Scaly-crowned Babbler	Malacopteron cinereum
68	Blue-throated Bee-eater	Merops viridis
69	Australasian Bushlark	Mirafra javanica
70	Changeable Hawk-Eagle	Nisaetus cirrhatus
71	Black-crowned Night-Heron	Nycticorax nycticorax
72	Bridled Tern	Onychoprion anaethetus
73	Black-naped Oriole	Oriolus chinensis
74	Olive-backed Tailorbird	Orthotomus sepium
75	Rufous-tailed Tailorbird	Orthotomus sericeus
76	Mangrove Whistler	Pachycephala cinerea
77	Eurasian Tree Sparrow	Passer montanus
78	Green Peafowl	Pavo muticus
79	Stork-billed Kingfisher	Pelargopsis capensis
80	Scarlet Minivet	Pericrocotus speciosus
81	Blue-eared Barbet	Psilopogon duvaicelli
82	Coppersmith Barbet	Psilopogon haemacephalus
83	Sooty-headed Bulbul	Pycnonotus aurigaster
84	Olive-winged Bulbul	Pycnonotus plumosus
85	Cream-vented Bulbul	Pycnonotus simplex
86	Silver-rumped Needletail	Rhaphidura leucopygialis
87	Wreathed Hornbill	Rhyticeros undulatus
88	Ruby-throated Bulbul	Rubigula dispar
89	Scaly-breasted Bulbul	Rubigula squamata
90	Velvet-fronted Nuthatch	Sitta frontalis
91	Crested Serpent-Eagle	Spilornis cheela
92	Roseate Tern	Sterna dougallii
93	Black-naped Tern	Sterna sumatrana
94	Blue-breasted Quail	Synoicus chinensis
95	Chestnut-capped Babbler	Timalia pileata
96	Collared Kingfisher	Todiramphus chloris
97	Thick-billed Green-Pigeon	Treron curvirostra
98	Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon	Treron griseicauda
99	Pink-necked Green-Pigeon	Treron vernans

Reptiles (* = heard or signs only)

	Common Name	Binominal Name
	Common Name	Binominal Name
1	Estuarine crocodile	Crocodylus porosus
2	Olive tree skink	Dasia olivacea
3	Fringed flying dragon	Draco fimbriatus
4	Red-bearded flying dragon	Draco haematopogon
5	Common flying dragon	Draco volans
6	Many-lined sun skink	Eutropis mulcifasciata
7	Tokay gecko	Gecko gecko
8	Spotted house gecko	Gecko monarchus
9	Arboreal ratsnake	Gonyosoma oxycephalum
10	Reticulated python	Malayopython reticulatus
11	Boie’s many-tooth snake	Sibynophis geminatus
12	Yellow-lined forest skink	Sphenomorphus sanctus
13	Eastern water monitor	Varanus salvator

Amphibians (* = heard or signs only)

	Common Name	Binominal Name
	Common Name	Binominal Name
1	Crab-eating frog	Fejervarya cancrivora
2	Javan cricket frog	Fejervarya iskandari
3	Small sticky frog	Kalophrynus minusculus
4	Frilled treefrog	Kurixalus appendiculatus
5	Black-eyed litter frog	Leptobrachium nigrops
6	Blyth’s river frog	Limnonectes blythii
7	Javan giant frog	Limnonectes macrodon
8	Javan chorus frog	Microhyla achatina

Fishes (* = heard or signs only)

	Common Name	Binominal Name
	Common Name	Binominal Name
1	Inshore cardinalfish	Apogon lateralis
2	Indonesian flying fish	Cheilopogon katoptron
3	Spotted green pufferfish	Dichotomyctere nigroviridis
4	Indo-Pacific tarpon	Megalops cyprinoides
5	Striped mullet	Mugil cephalus
6	Slender mudskipper	Periophthalmus gracilis
7	Oriental sweetlips	Plectorhinchus vittatus